SOCIETY OF MIND
Ouvrage 0-671-65713-5 : SOCIETY OF MIND
Marvin Minsky - one of the fathers of computer
science and cofounder of the Artificial Intelligence
Laboratory at MIT - gives a revolutionary answer to
the age-old question: "How does the mind work?"
Minsky brilliantly portrays the mind as a "society"
of tiny components that are themselves mindless. Mirroring
his theory, Minsky boldly casts The Society of Mind
as an intellectual puzzle whose pieces are assembled
along the way. Each chapter - on a self-contained
page - corresponds to a piece in the puzzle. As the pages
turn, a unified theory of the mind emerges, like a
mosaic. Ingenious, amusing, and easy to read, The
Society of Mind is an adventure in imagination.
Marvin Minsky is the Donner Professor of Science at
the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he
cofounded the Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.
He is a member of the National Academy of Sciences and
former president of the American Association for
Artificial Intelligence.
Table of Contents
1.Prologue ..... 17
1.The Agents of the Mind ..... 18
2.The Mind and the Brain ..... 19
3.The Society of Mind ..... 20
4.The World of Blocks ..... 21
5.Common Sense ..... 22
6.Agents and Agencies ..... 23
2.Wholes and Parts ..... 24
1.Components and Connections ..... 25
2.Novelists and Reductionists ..... 26
3.Parts and Wholes ..... 27
4.Holes and Parts ..... 28
5.Easy Things Are Hard ..... 29
6.Are People Machines? ..... 30
3.Conflict and Compromise ..... 31
1.Conflict ..... 32
2.Noncompromise ..... 33
3.Hieratchies ..... 35
4.Destructiveness ..... 36
5.Pain and Pleasure Simlified ..... 37
4.The Self ..... 38
1.The Self ..... 39
2.One Self or Many? ..... 40
3.The Soul ..... 41
4.The Conservative Self ..... 42
5.Exploitation ..... 43
6.Self-Control ..... 44
7.Long-Range Plans ..... 45
8.Ideals ..... 46
5.Individuality ..... 47
1.Circular Causality ..... 48
2.Unanswerable Questions ..... 49
3.The Remote-Control Self ..... 50
4.Personal Identity ..... 51
5.Fashion and Style ..... 52
6.Traits ..... 53
7.Permanent Identity ..... 54
6.Insight and Introspection ..... 55
1.Consciousness ..... 56
2.Signals and Signs ..... 57
3.Thought-Experiments ..... 58
4.B-Brains ..... 59
5.Frozen Reflection ..... 60
6.Momentary Mental Time ..... 61
7.The Casual Now ..... 62
8.Thinking Without Tinking ..... 63
9.Heads in the Clouds ..... 64
10.Worlds Out of Mind ..... 65
11.In-Sight ..... 66
12.Internal Communication ..... 67
13.Self-Knowledge is Dangerous ..... 68
14.Confusion ..... 69
7.Problems and Goals ..... 70
1.Intelligence ..... 71
2.Uncommon Sense ..... 72
3.The Puzzle Principle ..... 73
4.Problem Solving ..... 74
5.Learning and Memory ..... 75
6.Reinforcemnet and Reward ..... 76
7.Local Responsibility ..... 77
8.Difference-Engines ..... 78
9.Intentions ..... 79
10.Genius ..... 80
8.A Theory of Memory ..... 81
1.K-Lines: A Theory of Memory ..... 82
2.Re-Membering ..... 83
3.Mental States and Dispositions ..... 84
4.Partial Mental States ..... 85
5.Level-Bands ..... 86
6.Levels ..... 87
7.Fringes ..... 88
8.Societies of Memories ..... 89
9.Knowledge-Trees ..... 90
10.Levels and Classifications ..... 91
11.Layers of Societies ..... 92
9.Summaries ..... 93
1.Wanting and Liking ..... 94
2.Gerrymandering ..... 95
3.Learning From Failure ..... 96
4.Enjoying Discomfort ..... 97
10.Papert's Principle ..... 98
1.Piaget's Experiments ..... 99
2.Reasoning About Amounts ..... 100
3.Priorities ..... 101
4.Papert's Principle ..... 102
5.The Society-of-More ..... 103
6.About Piaget's Experiments ..... 104
7.The Concepts of Concept ..... 105
8.Education and Development ..... 106
9.Learning a Hierarchy ..... 107
11.The Shape of Space ..... 108
1.Seeing Red ..... 109
2.The Shape of Space ..... 110
3.Nearnesses ..... 111
4.Innate Geography ..... 112
5.Sensing Similarities ..... 113
6.Predestined Learning ..... 115
7.Half-Brains ..... 116
8.Dumbbell Theories ..... 117
12.Learning Meaning ..... 118
1.A Block-Arch Scenario ..... 119
2.Learning Meaning ..... 120
3.Uniframes ..... 121
4.Structure and Function ..... 122
5.The Functions of Structures ..... 123
6.Accumulation Strategies ..... 125
7.Problems of Disunity ..... 126
8.The Exception Principle ..... 127
9.How Towers Work ..... 129
10.How Causes Work ..... 129
11.Bridge-Definitions ..... 131
13.Seeing and Believing ..... 132
1.Reformulation ..... 133
2.Boundaries ..... 134
3.Seeing and Believing ..... 135
4.Children's Drawing-Frames ..... 136
5.Learning a Script ..... 137
6.The Frontier Effect ..... 138
7.Duplications ..... 139
14.Reformulation ..... 140
1.Using Reformulations ..... 141
2.The Body-Support Concept ..... 142
3.Means and Ends ..... 143
4.Seeing Squares ..... 144
5.Brainstoming ..... 145
6.The Investment Principle ..... 146
7.The Power of Negative Thinking ..... 148
8.The Interaction-Square ..... 149
15.Consciousness and Memory ..... 150
1.Momentary Mental State ..... 151
2.Self-Examination ..... 152
3.Memory ..... 153
4.Memories of Memories ..... 154
5.The Immanence Illusion ..... 155
6.Many Kinds of Memory ..... 156
7.Memory Rearrangements ..... 157
8.Anatomy of Memory ..... 158
9.Interruption and Recovery ..... 159
10.Losing Track ..... 160
11.The Recursion Principle ..... 161
16.Emotion ..... 162
1.Emotion ..... 163
2.Mental Growth ..... 164
3.Mental Proto-Specialists ..... 165
4.Cross-Exclusion ..... 166
5.Avalance Effects ..... 167
6.Motivation ..... 168
7.Exploitation ..... 169
8.Stimulus Vs. Simulus ..... 170
9.Infant Emotions ..... 171
10.Adult Emotions ..... 172
17.Development ..... 173
1.Sequences of Teaching-Selves ..... 174
2.Attachmant-Learning ..... 175
3.Attachment Simplifies ..... 176
4.Functional Autonomy ..... 177
5.Developmental Stages ..... 178
6.Prerequisites for Growth ..... 179
7.Genetic Timetables ..... 180
8.Attachment-Images ..... 181
9.Different Spans of Memories ..... 182
10.Intellectual Trama ..... 183
11.Intelleactual Ideals ..... 184
18.Reasoning ..... 185
1.Must Machines Be Logical? ..... 186
2.Chains of Reasoning ..... 187
3.Chaining ..... 188
4.Logical Chains ..... 189
5.Strong Arguments ..... 190
6.Magnitude From Multitude ..... 191
7.What is a Number? ..... 192
8.Mathematics Made Hard ..... 193
9.Robustness and Recovery ..... 194
19.Words and Ideas ..... 195
1.The Roots of Intention ..... 196
2.The Language-Agency ..... 197
3.Words and Ideas ..... 198
4.Objects and Properties ..... 199
5.Polynemes ..... 200
6.Recognizers ..... 201
7.Weighing Evidence ..... 202
8.Generalizing ..... 203
9.Recognizing Thoughts ..... 204
10.Closing the Ring ..... 205
20.Context and Ambiguity ..... 206
1.Ambiguity ..... 207
2.Negotiating ambiguity ..... 208
3.Visual Ambiguity ..... 209
4.Locking-In and Weeding-Out ..... 210
5.Micronemes ..... 211
6.The Nemeic Spiral ..... 212
7.Connections ..... 213
8.Connection Lines ..... 214
9.Distributed Memory ..... 215
21.Trans-Frames ..... 216
1.The Pronouns of the Mind ..... 217
2.Pronomes ..... 218
3.Trans-Frames ..... 219
4.Communication Among Agents ,,,,, 220
5.Automatism ..... 221
6.Trans-Frame Pronomes ..... 222
7.Generalizing with Pronomes ..... 223
8.Attention ..... 224
22.Expression ..... 255
1.Pronomes and Polynemes ..... 226
2.Isonomes ..... 227
3.De-Specializing ..... 228
4.Learning and Teaching ..... 229
5.Inference ..... 230
6.Expression ..... 231
7.Causes and Clauses ..... 232
8.Interruptions ..... 233
9.Pronouns and References ..... 234
10.Verbal Expression ..... 235
11.Creative Expression ..... 236
23.Comparisons ..... 237
1.A World of Differences ..... 238
2.Differences and Duplicates ..... 239
3.Time Blinking ..... 240
4.The Meaning of More ..... 241
5.Foreign Accents ..... 242
24.Frames ..... 243
1.The Speed of Thought ..... 244
2.Frames of Mind ..... 245
3.How Trans-Frames Work ..... 246
4.Default Assumptions ..... 247
5.Nonverbal Reasoning ..... 248
6.Picture-Frames ..... 250
7.How Picture-Frames Work ..... 251
8.Recognizers and Memorizers ..... 252
25.Frame-Arrays ..... 253
1.One Frame at a Time? ..... 254
2.Frame-Arrays ..... 255
3.The Stationary World ..... 256
4.The Sense of Continuity ..... 257
5.Expectations ..... 258
6.The Frame Idea ..... 259
26.Language-Frames ..... 260
1.Understanding Words ..... 261
2.Understanding Stories ..... 262
3.Sentence-Frames ..... 263
4.A Party-Frame ..... 264
5.Story-Frames ..... 265
6.Sentence and Nonsense ..... 266
7.Frames for Nouns ..... 267
8.Frames for Verbs ..... 268
9.Language and Vision ..... 269
10.Learning Language ..... 270
11.Grammar ..... 271
12.Coherent Disclosure ..... 272
27.Censors and Jokes ..... 273
1.Demons ..... 274
2.Suppressors ..... 275
3.Censors ..... 276
4.Exceptions to Logic ..... 277
5.Jokes ..... 278
6.Humor and Censorship ..... 279
7.Laughter ..... 280
8.Good Humor ..... 281
28.The Mind and the World ..... 282
1.The Myth of Mental Energy ..... 283
2.Magnitude and Marketplace ..... 284
3.Quantity and Qality ..... 285
4.Mind Over Matter ..... 286
5.The Mind and the World ..... 287
6.Minds and Machines ..... 288
7.Individual Identities ..... 289
8.Overlapping Minds ..... 290
29.The Realms of Thought ..... 291
1.The Realms of Thought ..... 292
2.Several Thoughts at Once ..... 293
3.Paranomes ..... 294
4.Cross-Realm Correspondences ..... 295
5.The Problem of Unity ..... 296
6.Autistic Children ..... 297
7.Likenesses and Analogies ..... 298
8.Metaphors ..... 299
30.Mental Models ..... 300
1.Knowing ..... 301
2.Knowing and Believing ..... 302
3.Mental Models ..... 303
4.World Models ..... 304
5.Knowing Ourselves ..... 305
6.Freedom of Will ..... 306
7.The Myth of the Third Alternative .....
307
8.Intelligence and Resourcefulness .....
308
Appendix ..... 309
1.Heredity and Environment ..... 309
2.The Genesis of Mental Realms ..... 310
3.Gestures and Trajectories ..... 312
4.Brain Connections ..... 314
5.Survival Instinct ..... 317
6.Evolution and Intent ..... 317
7.Insulation and Interaction ..... 319
8.Evolution of Human Thought ..... 320
Postscript and Acknowledgment ..... 322
Glossary and Bibiolgraphy ..... 326
Index ..... 333
Auteur : MINSKY
Editeur : SIMON \& SCHUSTER
Nombre de pages : 339
Date de publication : 01 1988
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